Glaucoma: Comprehensive Overview and Advances in Care
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, often due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Often called the “silent thief of sight,” glaucoma can progress without noticeable symptoms until
significant vision loss has occurred. Early detection and timely intervention are crucial to prevent permanent vision impairment. The disease typically affects adults over 40, but younger individuals may also be at risk due to genetics, trauma, or other ocular conditions.
Glaucoma is classified into several types, including primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), angle-closure glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma, which can result from trauma, inflammation, or other medical conditions. POAG is the most common form and often progresses slowly, making regular eye exams essential. Angle-closure glaucoma is less common but can cause rapid vision loss and is considered an ocular emergency. Risk factors include age, family history, diabetes, high blood pressure, prolonged steroid use, and eye injuries.
Symptoms and DiagnosisEarly-stage glaucoma is often asymptomatic, which is why routine eye screenings are vital. As the disease progresses, individuals may notice peripheral vision loss, difficulty seeing in low light, or halos around lights. Diagnosis typically involves multiple assessments, including:
Tonometry: Measures intraocular pressure, a key risk factor.
Ophthalmoscopy: Examines the optic nerve for damage.
Visual Field Testing: Detects loss of peripheral vision.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Provides high-resolution images of the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer.